Process for breaking petroleum emulsions employing certain polyepoxide modified oxyalkylation derivatives, said derivatives obtained in turn by oxyalkylation of phenol-aldehyde resins



Melvin De Groote, University City, and Kwan-Ting Sheri, Brentwood, M0., assignors to Petrolite Corporation, Wilmington, Del., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Application November 19, 1953, Serial No. 393,224

2 Claims. (c1. zsz-ssi The present application is a continuation-in-part of our co-pending applications, Serial No. 343,804, filed March 2,792,35 Patented May 14, 1957 ice employing a demulsifier including the reaction products of (A) certain oxyalkylated phenol-aldehyde resins, hereinafter described in detail, and (B) certain non-aryl hydrophile polyepoxides, hereinafter described in detail, further reacted with (C) certain phenolic polyepoxides and cogenerically associated compounds formed in their preparation, also hereinafter described in detaiL The reactants (A) and (B) arereacted in the molar proportion of 2:1 respectively to form an intermediate (ABA) and this intermediate is reacted with (C) in the molar proportion of 2:1 respectively to produce the final reaction product (ABACABA).

As has been pointed out in our aforementioned copending application, Serial Number 337,884, filed February 19, 1953, there are two types of polyepoxides, particularly diepoxides, one being, for example characterized by the formula:

20, 1953, and Serial No. 349,972, filed April 20, 1953. The first of said co-pending applications relates to a process for breaking petroleum emulsions of the water-inoil type employing a demulsifier including the reaction products of (A) certain oxyalkylated phenol-aldehyde resins, therein described in detail, and (B) certain phenolic polyepoxides and cogenerically associated compounds formed in their preparation, also therein described in detail, the ratio of reactant (A) to reactant (B) being in the proportion of 2 moles of (A) to one mole of (B).

The second of the aforementioned co-pending applications is comparable to the above application, Serial No. 343,804, except that the polyepoxide employed is a nonaryl hydrophile polyepoxide which is therein described in detail.

Note that in both patent applications the molal ratio of oxyalkylated resin to polyepoxide is 2 to l. U

In our 2 co-pending applications, Serial Nos. 393,221 and 393,223, the same situation applies except that the molar ratio is 4 to 3 instead of 2 to 1. Co-pending application, Serial No. 393,221 employs the same type of polyepoxide as in Serial No. 343,804. Likewise, copending application, Serial No. 393,223 employs the same type of epoxide as co-pending application, Serial No. 349,972.

In the present application the molal ratio again is 4 to 3 and not 2 to 1 and involves both types of polyepoxides. Stated another way, the hydrophile polyepox: ide described in Serial No. 349,972 is employed first in a 2 to 1 ratio, and then 2 moles of this larger molecule are united by one mole of the hydrophobe polyepoxide described in Serial No. 343,804. Thus, it is obvious that the present application employs the products described in Serial No. 349,972 as an inter-mediate. For this reason much of the text is identical with that found in Serial No. 349,972, but that part of the text which describes the hydrophile polyepoxide in Serial No. 343,804 also appears in the present description.

Thus the present invention relates to a process for breaking petroleum emulsions of the water-in-oil type wherein R represents the divalent hydrocarbon radical of a dihydric phenol and n is an integer of the series of 0, 1, 2, 3, etc. More specifically, such diglycidyl ethers may be illustrated by the following formula:

wherein n is an integer of the series 0, l, 2, 3, etc.

In contradistinction to such diglycidyl ethers which introduce an essentially hydrophobe radical or radicals, the present invention is characterized by analogous compounds derived from diglycidyl ethers which do not introduce any hydrophobe properties in its usual meaning but in fact are more apt to introduce hydrophile properties.

Thus, in the instance invention the initial use of a polyepoxide and particularly a diglycidyl ether involves the use of one which introduces hydrophile character. Thus, the first stage involves a hydrophile polyepoxide. Stated another way, the intermediate is the result of a reaction involving such hydrophile e'poxide. Thus, the diepoxides employed in the present invention as first-stage reactants are characterized by the fact that the divalent radical connecting the terminal epo'xide radicals contains less than 5 carbon atoms in an interrupted chain. For instance, a simple member and one of the most readily available members of the class of diepoxides described in our co pending application, Serial No. 324,814, filed December 8, 1952, is

It is to be noted in this formula the terminal epoxy radicals are separated by the divalent hydrophobe group 2,792,357 r A p e W The diepoxides employed as first-stage reactants in the present process are obtained from glycols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, butylene glycol, dibutylene glycol, tributylene glycol, glycerol, diglycerol, triglycerol, and similar compounds. Such products are well known and are characterized by the fact that there are not more than 4 uninterrupted carbon atoms in any group which is part of the radical joining the epoxide groups. Of necessity such diepoxides must be non-aryl or aliphatic in character. The diglycidyl ethers of our copending application, Serial No. 324,814, filed December 8, 1952, are invariably and inevitably aryl in character.

The diepoxides employed as first-stage reactants in the present process are usually obtained by reacting a glycol or equivalent compound, such as glycerol or diglycerol with epicholorohydrin and subsequently with an alkali. Such diepoxides have been described in the literature and particularly the patent literature. See, for example, Italian Patent 400,973, dated August 8, 1951; see, also, British Patent 518,057, dated December 10, 1938; and U. S. Patent No. 2,070,990, dated February 16, 1937 to Groll et al. No. 2,581,464, dated January 8, 1952, to Zech. This particular last mentioned patent describes a composition of the following general formula:

in which x is at least 1, z varies from less than 1 to more than 1, and x and 2 together are at least 2 and not more than 6, and R is the residue of the polyhydric alcohol remaining after replacement of at least 2 of the hydroxyl groups thereof with the epoxide ether groups of the above formula, and any remaining groups of the residue being free hydroxyl groups.

It is obvious from what is said in the patent that variance can be obtained in which the halogen is replaced by a hydroxyl radical; thus the formula would become Reference to being thermoplastic characterizes them as being liquids at ordinary temperature or readily convertible to liquids by merely heating below the point of pyrolysis and thus difierentiates them from infusible resins. Reference to being soluble in an organic'solvent means any of the usual organic solvents such as alcohols, ketones, esters, ethers, mixed solvents, etc. Reference to solubility is merely to differentiate from a reactant which is not soluble and might be not only insoluble but also infusible. Furthermore, solubility is a factor insofar that it is sometimes desirable to dilute the compound containing the epoxy rings before reacting with a resin as described. In such instances, of course, the solvent se- Reference is made also to U. S. Patent lected would have to be one which is not susceptible to oxyalkylation, as, for example, kerosene, benzene, toluene dioxane, various ketones, chlorinated solvents, dibutyl ether, dihexyl ether, ethyleneglycol diethylether, diethyleneglycol diethylether, and dimethoxytetraethyleneglycol.

The expression epoxy is 'not usually limited to the 1,2-epoxy ring. The 1,2-epoxy ring is sometimes referred to as the oxirane ring to distinguish it from other epoxy rings. Hereinafter the word epoxy unless indicated otherwise, will be used to meantthe oxirane ring i. e., the 1,2-epoxy ring. Furthermore, where a compound has two or more oxirane rings they will be referred to as polyepoxides. They usually represent, of course, 1,2-epoxide rings or oxirane rings in the alpha-omega position. This is a departure, of course, from the standpoint of a strictly formal nomenclature as in the example of the simplest diepoxide which contains at least 4 carbon atoms and is formally described as l,2-epoxy-3,4-epoxybutane (1,2,3,4 diepoxybutane).

It well may be that even though the previously suggested formula represents the principal component, or components, of the resultant or reaction product described in the previous text, it may be important to note that somewhat similar compounds, generally of much higher molecular weight, have been described as complex resinous epoxides which are polyether derivatives of polyhydric phenols containing an average of more than one epoxide group per molecule and free from functional groups other than epoxide and hydroxyl groups. See U. S. Patent No. 2,494,295, dated January 10, 1950, to Greenlee. The compounds here included are limited to the monomers or the low molal members of such series and generally contain two epoxide rings per molecule and may be entirely free from a hydroxyl group. This is important because the instant invention is directed toward products which are not insoluble resins and have certain solubility characteristics not inherent in the usual thermosetting resins. Note, for example, that said U. S. Patent No. 2,494,295 describes products wherein the epoxide derivative can combine with a sulfonamide resin. The intention in said U. S. Patent 2,494,295, of course, is to obtain ultimately a suitable resinous product having the characteristics of a comparatively insoluble resin. Simply for purpose of illustration to show a typical diglycidyl ether of the kind herein employed, reference is made to the following formula:

or if derived from cyclic diglycerol the structure would be thus:

or the equivalent compound wherein the ring structure involves only six atoms thus:

all

r assess? Commercially available compounds eem to be largely to the former with comparatively small amounts, in fact comparatively minor amounts. of the latter.

Having obtained a reactant having generally 2 epoxy rings as depicted in the next to last formula preceding, or low molal polyr'rier's thereof, it becomes obvious the reaction can take place with any oxyalkylated phenolaldehyde resin by virtue of the fact that there are always present either phenolic hydroxyls or their alkanol radicals or the equivalent or alkanol radicals in the presence of any phenolic hydioxyl. Indeed, the products obtained by oxyalkylation of the phenolic resins must invariably and inevitably be oxyalkylation-susceptible.

To illustrate the products useful in the process of the present invention, reference will be made to a reaction involving a mole of the oxyalkylating agent, i. e., the compound having two oxirane rings and an oxyalkylated resin. Proceeding with the example previously described, it i obvious the reaction ratio of two moles of the oxyalkylated resin to one mole of the oxyalkylating agent gives a product which may be indicated as follows:

in which n' is a small whole number less than 10, and usually less than 4, and including 0, and R1 represents a divalent radical as previously described being free from any radical having more than 4 uninterrupted carbon atoms in a single chain, and the characterization oxyalkylated resin is simply an abbreviation for the oxyalkylated resin which is described in greater detail subsequently.

Such products must be soluble in suitable solvents such as a non-oxygenated hydrocarbon solvent or an oxygenated hydrocarbon solvent or, for that matter, a mixture of the same with water. Needless to say, after the resin has been treated with a large amount of ethylene oxide, the products are water soluble and may be soluble in an acid solution.

The purpose in this instance is to differentiate from insoluble resinous materials, particularly those resulting from relation or cross-linking. Not only does this property serve to differentiate from instances where an insoluble material is desired, but also serves to emphasize the fact that in many instances the preferred compounds have distinct water-solubility or are distinctly soluble in acetic acid. For instance, the products freed from any solvent can be shaken with f ve to twenty times their weight of distilled water at ordinary temperature and are at least self-dispersing, and in many instances watersoluble, in fact, colloidally soluble.

Basic nitrogen atoms can be introduced into such derivatives by use of a reactant having both a nitrogen group and a 1,2-epoxy group, such as 3-dialkylaminoepoxypropane. See U. S. Patent No. 2,520,093, dated August 22, 1950, to Gross.

For purpose of convenience, what is said hereinafter will be divided into nine parts, with Part 7,- in turn, being divided into three subdivisions.

Part 1 is concerned with the hydrophile type of polyepoxide and particularly the hydrophile type of diepoxide reactant, i. e., the one that enters into the formation of the intermediate ABA.

Part 2 is concerned with suitable phenol-aldehyde resins to be employed for reaction with the epoxides.

Part 3 is concerned with the oxyalkylation of the previously described phenol-aldehyde resins; H

Part 4 is concerned with the-procedure involving the .6 preparation of intermediate by reaction between two moles of the oxyalkylated phenol-aldehyde resin and one mole of the diglycidyl ether, for example (identical with the product described in aforementioned co-pending application, Serial No. 349,972) followed by a second step in which 2 moles of these larger molecules are combined with .a single mole of the diglycidyl ether or the like. This intermediate has been described previously as ABA.

Part 5 is concerned with our preference in regard to the hydrophobe type of polyepoxide and particularly the diepoxide reactant.

Part 6 is concerned with certaintheoretical aspects of preparing the hydrophobe type of diepoxide.

Part 7, Subdivision A, is concerned with the preparation of monomeric hydrophobe diepoxides and includes Table VIII.

Part 7, Subdivision B, is concerned with the low molal hydrophobe type of polymeric epoxides or mixtures containing low molal polymeric epoxides as well as the hydrophobe monomer and includes Table IX.

Part 7, Subdivision C, is concerned with miscellaneous phenolic reactants suitable for the preparation of hydrophobe die'p'oxide's.

Part 8 is concerned with reactions involving said intermediate ABA above described and hydrophobe polyepoxides and particularly diepoxide (C) to yield the final product indicated as ABACABA. I

Part 9 is concerned with the resolution of petroleum emulsions of the water-in-oil type by means of the previously described chemical compounds or reaction products.

PART 1 Reference is made to previous patents as illustrated in the .manufactureof the .non-aryl polyepoxides and particularly diepoxides employed as reactants in the instant invention. More specifically, such patents are the fol lowing:, Italian Patent No. 400,973, dated August 8, 1941 British Patent No. 518,057, dated December 10, 1938; U. S. Patent No. 2,070,990, dated February 16, 1937, to Groll et al.; and U. S. Patent No. 2,581,464, dated January 8, 1952; to Zech. The simplest diepoxide is probably the one derived from 1,3-butadiene or isoprene. Such derivatives are obtained by the use of peroxides or by other suitable means and the diglycidyl ethers may be indicated thus:

In some instances the compounds are essentially derivatives of etherized epichlorohydrin or methyl epichlorohydrin. Needless to say, such compounds can be derived from glycerol monochlorohydrin by etheriz ation prior to ring closure. An example is illustrated in the previously mentioned Italian Patent No. 400,973:

cages-swamps 3-0 n,

Another type of ates-arias is diisobutenyl dioxide as described in aforementioned U. S. Patent No. 2,070,990,

dated February 16, 1937, to Groll, and is of the following formula:

The diepoxides previously described may be indicated by the following formula:

in which R represents a hydrogen atom or methyl radical and R" represents the divalent radical uniting the two terminal epoxide groups, and n is the numeral or 1. As previously pointed out, in the case of the butadiene derivative, n is 0. In the case of diisobutenyl dioxide R" is CH2CH2 and n is 1. In another example previously referred to R" is CHzOCHz and n is l. 7

However, for practical purposes the only diepoxide available in quantities other than laboratory quantities is a derivative of glycerol or epichlorohydrin. This particular diepoxide is obtained from diglycerol which is largely acyclic diglycerol, and epichlorohydrin or equivalent thereof, in that the epichlorohydrin itself may supply the glycerol or diglycerol radical in addition to the epoxy rings. As has been suggested previously, instead of starting With glycerol or a glycerol derivative, one could start With any one of a number of glycols or polyglycols and it is more convenient to include as part of the terminal oxirane ring radical the oxygen atom that was derived from epichlorohydrin or, as might be the case, methyl epichlorohydrin. So presented, the formula becomes:

In the above formula R1 is selected from groups such as the following:

C2H4 C2H4O C2H4 C2H4O CzH-rO C2H4= CsHe CsHsOCsHe CsHeOCaHsOCaHe C4Hs C4HsOC4Ha C4HsOC4HsOC4Hs C3H5 OH) C3H5 (OH) OC3H5 (OH) Cal-I5 (OH) OCsHs (OH) OCaHs (OH) It is to be noted that in the above epoxides there is a complete absence of (a) aryl radicals and (b) radicals in which 5 or more carbon atoms are united in a single uninterrupted single group. R1 is inherently hydrophile in character as indicated by the fact that it is specified that the precursory diol or polyol HOROH must be watersoluble in substantially all proportions, i. e., watermiscible. t v

Stated another way, what is said previously means that a polyepoxide such as is derived actually or theoretically, or at least derivable, from the diol HOROH, in which the oxygen-linked hydrogen atoms were replaced by in which R1 is C3H5(OH), it is obvious that reaction with another mole of epichlorohydrin with appropriate ring closure would produce a triepoxide or, similarly, if R happened to be C3H5(OH)OC3H5(OH), one could obtain a tetraepoxide. Actually, such procedure generally yields triepoxides, or mixtures with higher epoxides and perhaps in other instances mixtures in which diepoxides are also present. Our preference is to use the diepoxides. There is available commercially at least one diglycidyl ether free from aryl groups and also free from any radical having 5 or more carbon atoms in an uninterrupted chain. This particular diglycidyl ether is obtained by the use of epichlorohydrin in such amanncr that approximately 4 moles of epichlorohydrin yield one mole of the diglycidyl ether, or, stated another way, it can be considered as being formed from one mole of diglycerol and 2 moles of epichlorohydrin so as to give the appropriate diepoxide. The molecular weight is approximately 370 and the number of epoxide groups per molecule are approximately 2. For this'reason in the first of a series of subsequent examples this particular diglycidyl ether is used, although obviously any of the others previously described would be just as suitable. For convenience, this diepoxide will be referred to as diglycidyl ether A. Such material corresponds in a general way to the previous formula.

Using laboratory procedure we have reacted diethyleneglycol with epichlorohydrin and subsequently with alkali so as to produce a product which, on examination, corresponded approximately to the following compound:

The molecular weight of the product was assumed to be 230 and the product was available in laboratory quanafieifis i 9 tities only. For this reason, the subsequent table referring to the use of this particular diepoxide, which will be referred to as diglycidyl ether B, is in grams instead of pounds.

Probably the simplest terminology for these polyepoxides, and particularly diepoxides, to differentiate from comparable aryl compounds, is to use the terminology epoxyalkanes and, more particularly, polyepoxyalkanes or diepoxyalkanes. The difiiculty is that the majority of these compounds represent types in which a carbon atom chain is interrupted by an oxygen atom and, thus, they are not strictly alkane derivatives. Furthermore, they may be hydroxylated or represent a heterocyclic ring. The principal class properly may be referred to as polyepoxypolyglycerols, or diepoxypolyglycerols.

Other examples of diepoxides involving a heterocyclic ring having, for example, 3 carbon atoms and 2 oxygen atoms, are obtainable by the conventional reaction of combining erythritol with a carbonyl compound, such as formaldehyde or acetone so as to form the 5-membered ring, followed by conversion of the terminal hydroxyl groups into epoxy radicals.

See also Canadian Patent No. 672, 935.

PART 2 This part is concerned with the preparation of phenolaldehyde resins of the kind described in detail in U. S. Patent No. 2,499,370, dated March 7, 1950, to De Groote and Keiser, with the following qualifications: said aforementioned patent is limited to resins obtained from difunctional phenols having 4 to 12 carbon atoms in the substituent hydrocarbon radical. For the present purpose the substituent may have as many as 18 carbon atoms, as in the case of resins prepared from tetradecylphenol, substantially para-tetradecylphenol, commercially available. Similarly, resins can be prepared from hexadecylphenol or octadecylphenol. This feature will be referred to subsequently.

In addition to U. S. Patent No. 2,499,370, reference is made also to the following U. S. patents: Nos. 2,499,365; 2,499,366; and 2,499,367, all dated March 7, 1950, to De Grcote and Keiser. These patents, along with the other two previously mentioned patents, describe phenolic resins of the kind herein employed as initial materials.

For practical purposes, the resins having 4 to 12 carbon atoms are most satisfactory, with the additional C14 car bon atom also being very satisfactory. The increased cost of the C16 and C18 carbon atom phenol renders these raw materials of less importance, at least at the present time.

Patent 2,499,370 describes in detail methods of pre-' paring resins useful as intermediates for preparing the products of the present application, and reference is made to that patent for such detailed description and to Examples 1a through 103a of that patent for examples of suitable resins.

As previously noted, the hydrocarbon substituent in the phenol may have as many as 18 carbon atoms, as illustrated by tetradecylphenol, hexadecylphenol and octadecylphenol, reference in each instance being to the difunctional phenol, such as the orthoor para-substituted phenol or a mixture of the same. Such resins are described also in issued patents, for instance, U. S. Patent No. 2,499,365, dated March 7, 1950, to De Groote and Kaiser, such as Example 71a.

It is sometimes desirable to present the resins herein employed in an over-simplified form which has appeared from time to time in the literature, and particularly in the patent literature, for instance, it has been stated that the composition is approximated in an idealized form by the formula I- H H R R n R in the above formula n represents a small whole number varying from 1 to 6, 7 or 8, or more, up to probably 10 or 12 units, particularly when the resin is subjected to heating under a vacuum as described in the literature. A limited sub-genus is in the instance of low molecular weight polymers Where the total number of phenol nuclei varies from 3 to 6, i. e., n varies from 1 to 4; R represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon substituent, generally an alkyl radical having from 4 to 14 carbon atoms, such as butyl, amyl, hexyl, decyl or dodecyl radical. Where the divalent bridge radical is shown as being derived from formaldehyde, it may, of course, be derived from any other reactive aldehyde having 8 carbon atoms or less.

In the above formula the aldehyde employed in the resin manufacture is formaldehyde. Actually, some other aldehyde such as acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, or 'butyraldehyde may be used. The resin unit can 'be exemplified thus:

R n R in which R is the divalent radical obtained from the particular aldehyde employed to form the resin.

As previously stated, the preparation of resins, the kind herein employed as reactants, is well known. See U. S. Patent No. 2,499,368, dated March 7, 1950, to De Groote and Keiser. Resins can be made using an acid catalyst or basic catalyst or a catalyst showing neither acid nor basic properties in the ordinary sense or without any catalyst at all. it is preferable that the resins employed be substantially neutral, in other words, if prepared by using a strong acid as a catalyst. Such strong acid should be neutralized. Similarly, if a strong base is used as a catalyst it is preferable that the base be neutralized although we have found that sometimes the reaction described proceeded more rapidly in the presence of a small amount of a free base. The amount may be as small as a 200th of a percent and as muchas a few th of a percent. Sometimes moderate increase in caustic soda and caustic potash may be used. However, the most desirable procedure in practically every case is to have the resin neutral.

In preparing resins one does not get a single polymer, i. e., one having just 3 units, or just 4 units, or just 5 units, or just 6 units, etc. It is usually a mixture; for instance, one approximating 4 phenolic nuclei will have some trimer and pentamer present. Thus, the molecular weight may be such that it corresponds to a fractional value for n as, for example, 3.5; 4.5; or 5.2.

' lumn 21 of U. S.

Patent 2,581,376 and extending through column 36. We have simply numbered these products beginning with 11:,

ience these sixteen tables In order to avoid an extensive repetition of what is already described in detail in the patent literature, we are referring to the tables beginning in co allotting, of course, five numbers to each table beginning with the first table. For conven .-For ease of comparison blanks appear in the above table where ially. For pure characterized in TABLE I In the actual manufacture of the resins we found no reason for using other than those which are lowest in price and most readily available commerc pose of convenience suitable resins ar the following table NOTE blanks appear in previously mentioned tables in U. S. Patent 2,581,376.

or with ethylene oxide and then propylene oxide or with both oxides simultaneously. 75

seesaw;

Oxypropylated derivatives comparable to 1b through 80b as described above can readily be obtained by substituting a molar equivalent amount of propylene oxide,

' 1 4 illustration, a series of 27 com pounds are included, the description of which appears in detail in said aforementioned U. S. Patent 2,577,081, to De G'roote and Keiser.

TABLE IV See U. s. Pat. 2,557,081

No. Ex. No.

in above patent Point on graph on above patent Flake cau stic soda, ounces Ethylene Propylene Resin, oxide, oxide, lbs. lbs. lbs.

Resin used Wt. of

xylene 1 Tert. amyl phenol formalgehyde.

i. e., 56 lbs. of propyleneoxide, for example, for each 44 lbs. of ethylene oxide. We have prepared such a similar series but for sake of brevity only a few will be included for purposes of illustration.

TABLE III Resin, Phenol Aldehyde vent, lbs.

Para-tertiary Formalde- As an illustration of oxypropylated resins involving the use of both ethylene and propylene oxide; a reference is made to the aforementioned U. S. Patent 2,557,081, dated June 19, 1951, to De Groote and Keiser. The last table in column 28 of said patent describes in detail the preparation of a series of oxyalkylated resins in which both propylene and ethylene oxide are employed. Simply by Note the first series or nine compounds, 1d through 9d were prepared with propylene oxide, first and then ethylene oxide. The second nine compounds, 10d through 18d inclusive, were prepared using ethylene oxide first and then propylene oxide, and the last nine compounds, 19d through 27d, were prepared by random oxyalkylation, i. e., using a mixture of the two oxides.

In the preparation of the resins, our preference is to use hydrocarbon substituted phenols, particularly parasubstituted, in which the substituted radical R contains 4 to 18 carbon atoms and particularly 4 to 14 carbon atoms. The amount of alkylene oxide introduced may be comparatively large in comparison to the initial resin. For instance, there maybe as much as 50 parts by Weight of an oxide or mixed oxides used for each part by weight of resin employed. I

It will be noted that the various resins referred to in the aforementioned U. S. Patent 2,499,370 are substantially the same type of materials as referred to in Table I. For instance, resin 3a of the table is substantially the same as 2a of the patent; resin 20a of the table is substantially the same as 34a of the patent; and resin 38a of the table is the same as 311 of the patent.

In reaction with polyepoxides, and particularly diepoxides, a large number of the previously described oxyalkylated resins have been employed. For convenience, the following list is selected indicating the previously described compounds and their molecular weights. Such resins are generally employed as a 50% solution and the polyepoxide employed is a 50% solution, usually both reactants being dissolved in xylene and sufiicient sodium methylate added to act as a catalyst, for instance, 1 to 2%.

TABLE V Example Molecular number weight 1b 1, 202 2b 2, 169 3b 3, 339 4b 4, 609 5b 5, 749 6b 1, 509 7b 2, 466 8b 3, 657 9b 5, 867 1011 6, 087 1c 1, 270 2c 2, 494 3c 4, 019 4c 6, 139 6c 7, 079 1d 1, 697 2d 1, 918 3d 3, 189 4d 23, 959 5d 23, 959 6d 24, 909 7d 23, 959 8d 1, 018 9d 1, 697

PART 4 As previously stated, the final stage reactions involve two moles of an oxyalkylated phenol-aldehyde resin of.

cidyl ether as specified. The reaction is essentially an oxyalkylation reaction and thus may be considered as merely a continuance of the previous 'oxyalkylation reaction involving a monoepoxide as ditferentiated from a polyepoxide and particularly a diepoxide. The re-' actions take place in substantially the same way, i. e., by the opportunity to react at somewhere above the boiling; point of water and below the point of decomposition, for: example, 130-185 C. in the presence of a small amount of alkaline catalyst; Sincethe polyepoxide is non-volatile as compared, for example, with ethylene oxide the reaction is comparatively simple. Purely from a mechanical standpoint it is a matter of convenience to conduct both classes of reactions in the same equipment. In other words, after the phenol-aldehyde resin has been reacted with ethylene oxide, propylene oxide or the like, it is subsequently reacted with a polyepoxide, The polyepoxide reaction can be conducted in an ordinary reaction vessel such as the usual glass laboratory equipment. This is particularly true of the kind used for resin manufacture as described in a number of patents, as for example, U. S. Patent No. 2,499,365. One can use a variety of catalysts in connection with the polyepoxide ceptible. Generally speaking, this is most conveniently an aromatic solvent such as xylene or a higher boiling coal tar solvent, or else a similar high boiling aromatic solvent obtained from petroleum. One can employ an oxygenated solvent such as the diethylether of ethylene glycol, or the diethylether of propylene glycol, or similar ethers, either alone or in combination with a hydrocarbon solvent. The solvent so selected should be one which, of course, is suitable in the oxyalkylation step involving the monoepoxides described subsequently. The solvent selected may depend on the ability to remove it by subsequent distillation if required. Here again it has been our preference to have a solvent present in the oxyalkylation' involving the initial stage and permitting the solvent to remain. The amount of solvent may be insignificant, depending whether or not exhaustive oxypropylation is employed. However, since the oxypropylated phenol-aldehyde resins are almost invariably liquids there is no need for the presence of a solvent j rather high melting. Thus, it is immaterial whether there the kind previously described and one mole of a diglyf as when oxyalkylation involves a solid which may be is solvent present or not and it is immaterial whether solvent was added in the first stage of oxyalkylation or not, and also it is immaterial whether there was solvent present in the second stage of oxyalkylation or not. The advantage of the presence of solvent is that sometimes it is a convenient way of controlling the reaction temperature and thus in the subsequent examples we have added sufiicient xylene so as to produce a mixture which boils somewhere in the neighborhood of 125 to 140 C. and

. removes xylene so as'to bring the boiling point of the 7 'mixture to about 140? C. during part of the reaction and subsequently removing more xylene so that the mixture refluxed at somewhere between 170 to 190 C. This unless desired.

the reaction will go at an extremely slow rate without any catalyst at all. The usual catalyst include alkaline materials such as caustic soda, caustic potash, sodium methylate, etc. Other catalysts may be acidic in nature and are of the kind characterized by iron and tin chlorides. Furthermore, insoluble catalysts such as clays or specially prepared mineral catalysts have been used. For practical purposes, it is best to use the same catalyst as is used in the initial oxyalkylation step'and in many cases there is sufiicient residual catalyst to serve for the reaction involving the second oxyalkylation step, i. e., the polyepoxide. For this reason, we have preferred to use a small amount of finely divided caustic soda or sodium methylate as the initial catalyst and also the catalyst in the second stage. 1, 2, or 3% of these alkaline catalysts.

Actually, the reactions of polyepoxides with various resin materials have been thoroughly described inthe literature and the procedure is, for all purposes, the same as with glycide which has been described previously.

It goes without saying that the reaction involving the polyepoxide can be conducted in the same manner as the monoepoxide as far as the presence of an inert solvent is concerned, i. e., one that is not oxyalkylation-sus- The amount generally employed is' was purely a convenience and need not be employed Example he The oxyalkylated resin employed was the one previously identified as 2b, having a molecular weight of 2169; the amount employed was 217 grams. The resin was dissolved in approximately an equal weight of xylene. The mixture was heated to just short of the boiling point of water, i. e., a little below C. Approximately one half percent of sodium methylate was added, or, more exactly, 1.1 grams. The stirring was continued until there was a solution or distribution of the catalyst. The mixture was heated to a little past 100 C. and left 'at this temperature while 18.5 grams of the diepoxide (previously identified as A), dissolved in an equal weight of xylene, were added. After the diepoxide was added the temperature was permitted to rise to approximately 109 C. The time required to add the diepoxide was approximately one-half hour. The temperature rose in this period to about 127 C. The temperature rise was controlled by allowing the xylene to reflux over and to separate out the xylene by a phase separating trap. In any event, the temperature was raised shortly to 158- C. and allowed to reflux at this temperature for almost three hours. Tests indicted that the reaction was complete at the end of this time; in fact, it probably was complete at a considerably earlier stage. The xylene which had been separated out was returned to the mixture so that the reaction mass at the end of the procedure represented about 50% reaction product and 50% solvent. The procedure employed is, of course, simple in light of what has been said previously; in fact, it corresponds to the usual procedure employed in connection with an oxyalkylating agent such as glycide, i. e., a non-volatile oxyalkylating agent. At the. end of the reaction period the mass obtained was a dark, viscous mixture. It could be bleached, of course, by use of charcoal, filtering earths, or the like.

Various examples obtained in substantially the same manneras employed are described in the following tables:

TABLE VI Ex. Oxyalkyl- Amt, Diepot Amt, Catalyst Xylen Molar Time of Max. No. ated gms. ide used gms. (NaOCHi), grns. ratio reaction, temp, Color and physical state resin grams hrs. C.

217 A 18.5 1.1 235.5 2:1 3 150 Dark, viscous mass. 450 A 18.5 2. a 47s. 5 2: 1 4 155 Do. 247 A 18.5 1. 3 265. 5 2: 1 a 152 Do. 609 A 18.5 3. 1 527. 5 2:1 5 158 Do. 249 A 18. 5 1. 3 257. 5 2:1 3 145 Do. 402 A 18. 5 2. 1 420. 5 2:1 4 150 Do. 708 A 18.5 3. s 726. 5 2:1 5 156 Do. 192 A 18.5 1. 210. 2:1 3 150 Do. 319 A 18. 5 1. 6 337. 5 2:1 3 152 Do. 249 A 1. 9 1. 2 251. 0 2: 1 a 155 Do. 217 B 11.0 1. 1 228.0 2:1 3 148 Do. 460 B 11.0 2. 3 471. 0 2:1 4 150 Do. 247 B 11.0 1. 2 258.0 2:1 3 145 Do. 609 B 11.0 3. 0 520. 0 2:1 5 155 Do. 249 B 11.0 1. a 250 2: 1 a 142 D0. 402 B 11.0 2. 0 413 2: 1 4 150 D0. 708 B 11.0 s. 5 719 2:1 5 155 Do. 192 B 11.0 1. 0 203 2: 1 3 148 Do. 319 B 11.0 1. 5 330 2:1 3 150 D0. '249 B 1.1 1. 2 250 2: 1 3 150 Do.

TABLE VII ably invariably are present, other low molal polymers in comparatively small amounts. Thus, the materials which Probable are most apt to be used for practical reasons are either Oxyalkylmolecular Amount of Amount of Med resin W119i product, solvent, monomers with some small amounts of polymers present g fi grams grams or mixtures which have a substantial amount of polymers present. Indeed, the mixture can be prepared free from monomers and still be satisfactory. Briefly, then, our 4, 710 4, 710 2, 355 9,570 4,785 2, 390 preference is to use the monomer or the monomer with 3 Egg 2' 3 5 33 the minimum amount of higher polymers.

i350 5:350 21 575 It has been pointed out previously that the phenohc 2 $222 ggg nuclei in the epoxide reactant may be directly umted, or .4: 210 41210' 2: 100 united through a variety of divalent radicals. Actually, 8 138 952% it is our preference to use those which are commercially 4:550 4:550v 2i2 o 35 available and for most practical purposes it means ingfig' stances where the phenolic nuclei are either united directly 121400 51200 5:100 without any intervening linking radical, or else united by @328 figg 532% a ketone residue or formaldehyde residue. The commer- 141380 7: 190 31590 cial bis-phenols available now in the open market illusggg @288 g'ggg 40 trate one class. The diphenyl derivatives illustrate a 501040 51000 2: 0 second class, and the materials obtained by reacting substituted monofunction al phenols with an aldehyde illus- PART 5 As will be pointed out subsequently, the preparation of polyepoxides may include the formation of a small amount of material having more than two epoxide groups per molecule. If such compounds are formed they are perfectly suitable except to the extent they may tend to produce ultimate reaction products which are not solventsoluble liquids or low-melting solids. Indeed, they tend to form thermosetting resins or insoluble materials. Thus, the specific objective by and large is to produce diepoxides as free as possible from any monoepoxides and as free as possible from polyepoxides in which .there are more than two epoxide groups per molecule. Thus, for practical purposes what is said hereinafter is largely limited to polyepoxides in the form of .diepoxides.

As has been pointed out previously one of the reactants employed is a diepoxide reactant. It is generally obtained from phenol (hydroxybenzene) or substituted phenol. The ordinary or conventional manufacture of the epoxides usually results in the formation of a co-generic mixture as explained subsequently. Preparation of the monomer or separation of the monomer from the remaining mass of the co-generic mixture is usually expensive. If monomers were available commercially at a low cost, or if they could be prepared without added expense for separation, our preference would be to use the monomer. Certain monomers have been prepared and described in the literature and will be referred to subsequently. However, from a practical standpoint one must weigh the advantage, any, that the monomer has over other low molal polymers from a cost standpoint; thus, we'have found that one might as well attempt to prepare a'monomer and fully recognize that there may be present, and probtrate the third class. All the various known classes may be used but our preference rests with these classes due to their availability and ease of preparation, and also due to the fact that the cost is lower than in other examples.

Although the diepoxide reactants can be produced in more than one way, as pointed out elsewhere, our preference is to produce them by means of the epichlorohydrin reaction referred to in detail subsequently.

One epoxide which can be purchased in the open market and contains only a modest amount of polymers corre sponds to the derivative of bis-phenol A. It can be used as such, or the monomer can be separated by an added step which involves additional expense. This compound of the following structure is preferred as the epoxide re-' actant and will be used for illustration repeatedly with the full understanding that-any of the other ep'oxides described are equally satisfactory, or that the higher polymers are satisfactory, or that mixtures of the monomer and higher polymers are satisfactory. The formula for this compound is Reference has just been made to bis-phenol A and a suitable epoxide derived therefrom. Bis-phenol .A is distant part, to wit, Part 5, and in succeeding parts, the

text is concerned almost entirely-With epoxides. in-which there is no bridging radical or the bridging radical-is derived from an aldehyde or a ketone. It would be immaterial if the divalent linking radical would be derived from the other groups illustrated for the reason that nothing more than mere substitution of one compound for the other would be required. Thus, What is said hereinafter, although directed to one class or a few classes, applies with equal force and effectto the other classes of epoxide reactants. 1

If sulfur-containing compounds are prepared they should be freed from impurities with considerable care for the reason that any time that a low-molal sulfurcontaining compound can react with epichlorohydrin there may be formed a by-product in which the chlorine happened to be particularly reactive and may represent a product, or a mixture ofproducts, which would be unusually toxic, even though in comparatively small concentration.

PART 6 The polyepoxides and particularly the diepoxides can be derived by more than one method as, for example, the use of epichlorohydrin or glycerol dichlorohydrin. If a product such as bis-phenol A is employed the ultimate compound in monomeric form employed as a reactant in the present invention has the following structure:

Treatment with epichlorohydrin, for example, does not yield this product initially but there is an intermediate produced which can be indicated by the following structure:

Treatment with alkali, of course, forms the epoxy ring. A number of problems are involved in attempting to produce this compound free from cogeneric materials of related composition. The difficulty stems from a number of. sources and a few of the more important ones are as follows: I

(l) The closing of the epoxy ring involves the use of caustic soda or the like which, in turn, is an effective catalyst in causing the ring to open in an oxyalkylation reaction. Actually, What may happen for any one of a number ofreasons is that one obtains a product in which there is only one :epoxide ring and there may, as a matter of fact, be more than 'one hydroxyl radical as illustrated by the following compounds:

(2) Even if one starts with the reactants in the preferred ratio, to. wit, two parts of epichlorohydrin to one part of bis-phenol A, they do not necessarily soreact and as a result one may obtain products in which more than two epichlorohydrin residues become attached to a.

'20 single bis-phenol A nucleus by virtue of the reactive hydroxyls present. which enter into oxyalkylation reactions 7 rather than ring closure reactions.

produce a solid polymer.

at times apparently does, take place in connection with I compounds having one, or in the present instance, two

substituted oxiranerings, i. e., substituted 1,2 epoxy rings. Thus, in many Ways it is easier to produce a polymer,

- particularly a mixture of the monomer, dimer and trimer, than it is to produce the monomer alone.

(4) As has been pointed out previously, monoepoxides' may be present and, indeed, are almost invariably and inevitably present when one atempts to produce polyepoxides, and particularly diepoxides. The reason i the one which has been indicated previously, together with the fact that in the ordinary course of reaction a dimay react with a mole of bis-phenol A to give a monoepoxy structure. Indeed, in the subsequent text immediately following reference is made to the dimers, trimers and tetramers in which two epoxide groups are present. Needless to say, compounds can be formed which correspond in every respect except that one terminal epoxide group is absent and in its place is a group having one chlorine atom and one hydroxyl group, or else two hydroxyl groups, or an unreacted phenolic ring.

(5) Some reference has been made to the presence of a chlorine atom and although all etfort is directed towards the elimination of any chlorine-containing molecule yet it is apparent that this is often an ideal approach rather than a practical possibility. Indeed, the same sort of reactants are sometimes employed to obtain products in which intentionally there is both an epoxide group and a chlorine atom present. 'See U. S. Patent No. 2,581,464, dated January 8, 1952, to Zech.

What has been said in regard to the theoretical aspect is, of course, closely related to the actual method of preparation which is discussed in greater detail in Part 7, particularly subdivisions A and B. There can be no clear line between the theoretical aspect and actual preparative steps. However, in order to summarize or illustrate what has been said in Part 5, immediately preceding reference will be made' to a typical example which already has been employed for purpose of illustration. The particular example is It is obvious that two moles of such material combine readily with one mole of bis-phenol A,

to produce the product which is one step further along, at least,'towards polymerization. In order words, one

21 22 idealized way, establishes the composition of resinous Such a compound is comparable to other compounds products available under the name of Epon Resins as nowhaving both the hydroxyl and epoxy ring such as -9,1- sold in the open market. See, also, chemical pamphlet epoxy octadecanol. The ease with which this type of entitled Epon Surface-Coating Resins, Shell Chemical compound polymerizes is pointed out by U. S. Pat Corporation, New York city. The word Epon is a No. 2,457,329, dated December 28, 1948, to Swern et a1.

registered trademark of the Shell Chemicalcorporation. The same difliculty which involves the tendency to (EH1 OH $2 Q Q J- OiQq H: JJHI 11 CHI H: OH on I /l O C For the purpose of the instant invention, rt may polymerize on the part of compounds having a reactive represent a number including zero, and at the most a low m g and a 'hY FPXY T341631 y lllusfl'ated y 60111- number such as 1, 2 or 3. This limitation does not exist '20 Rounds j Instead of the oxfrane (liz'epoxy in actual efforts to obtain resins as differentiated from mug) there 18 Present a l3'epoxy Such compounds are derivatives of trimethylene oxide rather than ethylene the herein described soluble materials. It is quite prob- OXMQ See U- Patents Nos. 2,462,047 and 2,462,048,

able that in the resinous products as marketed for coating both dated February 5 1949 to wylen use the value of n is usually substantially higher. Note At th expense f eti i of h appeared again what has been said previously that any formula viously, it may be well to recall that these materials may is, at best, an over-simplification, or at the most reprey from simPle Soluble non-fesinous to Complex 11011- Sents perhaps only the more important or principal consoluble resinous opoxides are polyether dCI'iVatiVeS stituent or constituents. These materials may vary from of Polyhydnc Pb:1101s contalmng an average of more than simple non-resinous to complex resinous epoxides which one epoxide group Per molecule and free from functional groups other than epoxide and hydroxyl groups. The Polyether denvatlves of Polyhydnc piienolspomam former are here included, but the latter, i. e., highly mg an average of more than one epoxide group per ,7 V resinous or insoluble types, are not. mole'cule and free from functlonal groups other than In summary then in light of what has been said, com- BPOXIde and y y P pounds suitable for reaction with amines may be sum- Referring now to what has been said previously, to marized by the following formula:

wit, compounds having both an epoxy ring or the equivaor for greater simplicity the formula could be restated lent and also a hydroxyl group, one need go no further thus:

H 0 C/O-C-- -0Bl[R]n" R1o C C -0R1[R]..--Ri0---C--G C H a Ha Ha H: H H:

than to consider the reaction product of in which the various characters have their prior signifi- CH canoe and in which R10 is the divalent radical obtained by the elimination of a hydroxyl hydrogen atom and a g g g 3 g g g nuclear hydrogen atom from the phenol 0 H I H and bisphenol A in a mole-for-mole ratio, since the initial OH reactant would yield a product having an unreacted epoxy ring and two reactive hydroxyl radicals. Referring again I! to a previous formula, consider an example where two 7 moles of bisphenol A have been reacted with 3 moles of V epichlorohydrin. The simplest compound formed would in which R, R", and R represent hydrogen and hybe thus: drocarbon substituents of the aromatic nucleus, said sub- CH: OH CH;

C Ha

2,792,357 23 stituent member having n t over 18 carbon atoms; n included for-.pu'rpose of illustration." These particular represents an integer. selected from the class of zero and compounds are described the two patents iust men- 11, and n represents a whole number not greater than 3. tioned.

TABLE vm Ex- Patent ample Diphenol Diglycidyl ether refernumber K 1 H 7 once Di(epoxypropoxypheny )methanems Q 2,506,485 1 Di(epoxypropoxypheny")methy1methane 2, 506, 486 (CHa)zC(CsH OH)z Di(epoxypropoxypheny')dimethylmethane 2, 506, 486 CzHsO(CHs)(G6H4OH)3 Di(epoxypropoxypheny )ethylmethylmethane. 2,506,486 (O2H5)2O(G H4OH)1 Di(epoxypropoxyphenyl)diethylmethane 2,506,486 CH3C(G3H1)(C5H OH) Di(eopxypropoxyphenyl)methylpropylmethane 2,506,486 CH3O(G5H5)(C5H4OH);.. Di(epoxypropoxyphenyl)methylphenylmethane. 2, 506,486 C2H50(C5H5)(06H4OH)2 Di(epoxypropoxyphenyl)ethylphenylmethane..- 2,506,486 CBH70(CBH5)(O5H4OH)Z Di(epoxypropoxyphenyl)propylphenylmethane. 2,506,486 C4H0O(CH5) (0511401332. Di(epoxypropoxyphenyi)butylphenylmethane- 2,506,486 (011306114)CH(O6H4OH)2 Di(epoxypropoxyphenyl)tolylmethane 2,506,486 (CH C H4) 0 (CH3) (CuH OH) a Di (epoxypropoxyphenyl) toiylmethylmethane" 2, 506, 486 Dihydroxy diphenyl 4,4-bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)diphenyl 2,530,353 (OH;)O(O4H5.CH;OH) 2,2-bis(4-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)2-tertiarybutylphenyl)propane. 2,530,353

PART 7 V Subdivision B Subdivision A The preparations of the diepoxy derivatives of the dithe priparanoil of lgw'molal polymenc epoxldes phenols, which are sometimes referred to as diglycidyl 30 or P ures re creme 1s 6 to numerous patents and ethers, have been describedin a number of patents. For Partlcularly aforemwuoned Patents convenience, reference will be made to two only, to wit, and 2,582,985; aforementioned U. S. Patent 2,506,486, and aforemen- In 8 0f afmementloned Patent 2,575,553, tioned U, 5, Pate t No, 2,530,353, the following examples can be specified by reference to Purely by way of illustration, the following diepoxides, 35 the formulatherein provided one still bears in mind it or diglycidyl ethers as they are sometimes termed, are is in essence an over-simplification.

TABLE 1X I CCC OR1[R]n-R1O-CO-C -OR1IR],.R1OCC C H: H H: Hm .Ha H: H H: V I f I (in which the characters have their previous significance) Example R1O from HRIOH -R n 1: Remarks number B1; Hydroxy benzene CH1. 1 0,1,2 Phenolkuown as bispheuol A. Low I polymeric mixture about 3!; or more G-- where n=0, remainder largely where B n'=1, some where n=2.

E2 do .Q.-. CH; 1 0,1,2 Phenol knownas bis-phenolB. See note v regarding B1 above.

133 Orthobutylphenol CH| 1 0,1,2 Even though 11' is preferably 0, yet the usual reaction product might well contain materials where n is 1, or to a l lesser degree 2.

B4 Orthoamylpheuol 0H; 1 0, 1,2 Do.

(IJHI B5 Orthooetylphenol CH; 5 i 1 0,1,2 Do.

B6 Orthononylphenol OH; 1 0,1,2 Do.

B7 Orthododeylphenol-L .L. 1 CH{ 1 0,1,2 Do.

TABLE IX--Contlnued Example R O- from HR1OH R n n Remarks number B8 Metacresol CH; 1 0,1,2 See prior note. This phenol used as initial material is known as bis-phenol C. For other suitable bis-phenols see I U. s. Patent 2,564,191. CH3

B9 do EH 1 0, 1, 2 See prior note.

+ CHa B10 Dlbutyl (ortho-para) phenol- 1% 1 0,1,2 Do.

Bl1 Diamyl (ortho-para) phenoL. 1g: 1 0, 1, 2 Do.

B12 Dioetyl (ortho-para) phenol. g 1 0,1,2 Do.

B13 Dinonyl (ortho-para) phenol- IC{ 1 0,1,2 Do.

314..-..- Diamyl (ortho-para) phenol- 1g 1 0, 1,2 Do.

B15 do H 1 o, 1, 2 Do.

CzHs

Bl6 Hydroxy benzene (i) 1 0,1,2 Do.

B17 Diamyl phenol (ortho-para). -SS 1 0,1,2

B18 do -s- 1 o, 1, 2 Do.

1319 Dibuty1pheno1(ortho-para).. g E: 1 0,1,2 D0.

1320 do H H 1 0,1,2 Do.

1321-..... Dinonylphenol (ortho-para)- g 1 I 0, 1, 2 D0.

B22 Hydroxy benzene (H) 1 0,1,2 D0.

B23 do None 0 0, 1, 2 D0.

B24 Orthodsopropyl CH 1 0,1,2 See prior note. As to preparation 014,4-

! isopropyhdene bls-(2-1sopropylphenol) C-- see U. S. Patent No. 2,482,748, dated Sept. 27, 1949, to Dietzler. CH:

B25 Para-octyl -CH2SCH2, 1 0,1,2 Seepriornote. (As to preparationotthe phenol sulfide see U. S. Patent No. 2,488,134, dated Nov. 15, 1949, Mikeska et a1.)

B26 1- Hydroxybenzene CH; 1 I 0, 1, 2 See prior note. (As to preparation of the phenol sulfide see U. S. Patent No. n 2,526,545.)

Subdivision C For purpose of illustration attention is directed to numerous other diphenols which can be readily converted The prior examples have been limited largely to those to a suitable polyepoxide, and particularly diepoxide, re-

in which there is no divalent linking radical, as in the actant.

621576 of p y compounds, Where the linking radical As previously pointed out the initial phenol may be is derived from a ketone or aldehyde, particularly a kesubstituted, and the substituent group in turn may be a tone. Needless to say, the same procedure is employed cyclic group such as the phenyl group or cyclohexyl in converting diphenyl into a diglycidyl ether regardless group as in the instance of cyclohexylphenol or phenylof the nature of the bond between the two'phenolic nuclei. phenol. Such substitiients are usually in the ortho posi- Similar phenols which are monofunctional, for instance, paraphenyl phenol or paracyclohexyl phenol with an additional substituent in the ortho position, may be employed in reactions previously referred to, for instance, with formaldehyde or sulfur chlorides to give comparable phenolic compounds having 2 hydroxyls and suitable for subsequent reaction with epichlorohydrin, etc.

Other samples include:

wherein R1 is a substituent selected from the class consisting of secondary butyl and tertiary butyl groups and R2 is a substituent selected from the class consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alkaryl groups, and wherein said alkyl group contains at least 3 carbon atoms. See U. S. Patent No. 2,515,907.

in which the -C5H11 groups. are secondary amyl groups. See U. S. Patent No. 2,504,064.

(Ils u Cal-11s See U. S. Patent No. 2,285,563.

*3 See U. S. Patent No; 2,503,196.

Ego

wherein R is a member of the group consisting of alkyl, and alkoXy-alkyl radicals containing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, inclusive, and aryl and chloraryl radicals of the benzene series. See U. S. Patent No. 2,526,545.

wherein R1 is a substituent selected from the class consisting of secondary butyl and tertiary butyl groups and R2 is a substituent selected from the class consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alkaryl groups. See

U. S. Patent No. 2,515,906.

s... U. s. Patent No. 2,515,908.

As to sulfides, the following compound is of interest:

CsHn CsHn See U. S. Patent No. 2,331,448.

As to descriptions of various suitable phenol sulfides, reference is made to the following patents: U. S. Patents Nos. 2,246,321, 2,207,719, 2,174,248, 2,139,766, 2,244,-' 021, and 2,195,539.

As to sulfones, see U. S. Patent No. 2,122,958.

As to suitable compounds obtained by the use of formaldehyde or some other aldehyde, particularly compounds such as n n o o Alkyl R Alkyl Alkyl Alkyl in which R5 is a methylene radical, or a substituted methylene radical which represents the residue of an aldehyde and is preferably the unsubstituted methylene radical derived from formaldehyde. See U. S. Patent No. 2,430,002; V V

. See also U. S. Patent No. 2,581,919 which describes di(dialkyl cresol) sulfides which include the monosulfides, the disulfides, and the polysulfides. The following 29 formula represents the various dicresol sulfides of this invention:

OH on,

OH: OH

in which R1 and R2 are alkyl groups, the sum of whose carbon atoms equals 6 to about 20, and R1 and R2 each preferably contain 3 to about carbon atoms, and x is 1 to 4. The term sulfides as used in this text, therefore, includes monosulfide, disulfide, and polysulfides.

PART 8 As pointed out previously, the reaction described in Part 4, preceding, resulted in an intermediate which was described thus: (AB-A). The reaction described in the instant part has been indicated thus:

Example 1e The polyepoxide derived intermediate is Example 10, previously described in Table VI. This was obtained by use of a hydrophile polyepoxide. 235.5 grams were employed. This was reacted with 8.5 grams of diepoxide 3A previously described. The amount of xylene was 244 grams. The molal ratio was 2 moles of the polyepoxide derived intermediate to one mole of diepoxide 3A. The catalyst and the solvent and the intermediate were all mixed together and stirred. The diepoxide was then added slowly over a period of 20 minutes. The temperature was raised to 85 C. The reaction took place rapidly and was complete Within an hour. Generally speaking, the hydrophile type of polyepoxide seems to react more rapidly than a hydrophobe type and quite often at a considerably lower temperature and a lower reaction time.

The product obtained was a dark viscous mass when the solvent was evaporated.

In a second series of derivatives hydrophobe diepoxide B1 was employed. This diepoxide has been described previously.

The data are summarized in hereto appended Tables X and XI.

TABLE XI Prob. mol. Ex. No. Oxyalkylweight of Amount of Amount of ated resin reaction product, solvent,

used product grams grams PART 9 As to the use of conventional demulsifying agents, reference is made to-U. S. Patent No. 2,626,929, dated January 7, 1953, to De Groote, and particularly to Part 3. Everything that appears therein applies with equal force and effect to the instance process, noting only that where reference is made to Example 13b in said text beginning in column 15 and ending in column 18, reference should be to Example 2e, herein described.

Having thus described our invention what We claim as new and desire to obtain by Letters Patent is:

l. A process for breaking petroleum emulsions of the water-in-oil type, characterized by subjecting the emul-- sions to the action of a demulsifier including synthetic hydrophile products (ABACABA); said synthetic hydrophile products being obtained by a two-step process, the first step involving an intermediate (ABA) which, in turn, represents the reaction products of (A) an oxyalkylated phenol-aldehyde resin containing a plurality of active hydrogen atoms, and (B) a non-aryl hydrophile polyepoxide characterized by the fact that the precursory polyhydric alcohol, in which an oxygen-linked hydrogen atom is replaced subsequently by the radical in the 'polyepoxide, is water-soluble; said polyepoxides being free from reactive functional groups other than epoxy and hydroxyl groups and characterized by the fact that the divalent linkage uniting the terminal oxirane rings is free from any radical having more than 4 uninterrupted carbon atoms in a single chain; said oxyal- TABLE X Polyepoxide Catalyst Time of Max. Eix. derived Amt Diepox- Amt, (NaOOHa), Xylene, Molar reaction, temp., Color and physical state gms. ide used gins. gms. gins. ratio hrs. C.

235. 5 3A 8. 5 2 4 244 2:1 1 85 Dark, viscous mass. 478. 5 3A 8. 5 4-8 487 2: 1 1 Do. 265. 5 3A 8. 5 2.6 274 2:1 1 82 Do. 627. 5 3A 8. 5 6. 3 634 2:1 1 85 Do. 267. 5 3A 8. 5 2. 7 276 2: 1 1 80 D0. 420.0 3A 8. 5 4.3 429 2:1 1 86 D0. 726. 5 3A 8. 5 7. 3 735 2:1 1 '82 D0. 210. 5 3A 8. 5 2. 2 219 2: 1 1 84 Do. 337. 5 3A 8. 5 3. 4 346 2: 1 1 80 D0. 401. 9 3A 1. 7 5.0 504 2:1 1 80 Do. 228v 0 B1 13. 8 2. 4 242 2: 1 1 80 Do. 471. 0 B1 13. 8 4. 8 485 2: 1 1 82 D0. 258.0 131 13. 8 2. 7 272 2:1 1 80 D0. 620. 0 B1 13. 8 6. 3 634 2:1 -1 84 D0. 260. 0 B1 13.8 2. 7 274 2:1 1 83 Do. 413. 0 B1 13. 8 4. 2 427 2:1 1 80 D0. 719.0 B1 13. 8 7. 3 733 2:1 1 80 D0. 203.0 B1 13. 8 2. 1 217 2: 1 1 80 D0. 330.0 B1 13. 8 2. 4 344 2:1 1 81 Do. 500. 4 B1 2.8 5.0 505 2:1 1 80 Do.

kylated phenol-aldehyde resins, reactant (A) being the products derived by oxyalkylation of (aa) an alphas beta alkylene oxide having not more than 4 carbon atoms and selected from the class consisting of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, glycide and methylglycide, and (bb) an oXyalkylation-susceptible fusible, organic solvent-soluble, water-insoluble phenol-aldehyde resin; said resin being derived by reaction between a difunctional monohydric phenol and an aldehyde having not over 8 carbon atoms and reactive toward said phenol; said resin being formed in the substantial absence of trifunctional phenols; said phenol being of the formula vOH in which R is a hydrocarbon radical having not more than 24 carbon atoms and substituted in the 2,4,6 position; said oxyalkylated resin being characterized by the introduction into the resin molecule of a plurality of divalent radicals having the formula (R10)n, in Which R1 is a member selected from the class consisting of ethylene radicals, propylene radicals, butylene radicals, hydroxypropylene radicals, and hydroxybutylene radicals, and n is a numeral varying from 1 to 120; with the proviso that at least 2 moles of alkylene oxide be introduced for each phenolic nucleus, and that the resin by weight represent at least 2% of the oxyalkylated derivative; the ratio of reactant (A) to reactant (B) being in the proportion of two moles of (A) to one mole of (B); with the further proviso that said reactive compounds (A) and (B) be members of the class consisting of non-thermosetting organic solvent-soluble liquids and low-melting solids; with the final proviso that the reaction product be a member of the class of oxyalkylationand acylation-susceptible solvent-soluble liquids and lowmelting solids; and said reaction between (A) and (B) being conducted below the pyrolytic point of the reactants and the resultants of reaction; said second step being the reaction product between 2 moles of the aforementioned intermediate (ABA) and one mole of (C) a phenolic polyepoxide free from reactive functional groups other than epoxy and hydroxyl groups, and cogenerically associated compounds formed in the preparation of said polyepoxides; said epoxides being monomers and low molal polymers not exceeding the tetramers; said epoxides being selected from the class consisting of (a) compounds where the phenolic nuclei are directly joined without an intervening bridge radical, and (b) compounds containing a radical in which two phenolic nuclei are joined by a divalent radical selected from the class consisting of ketone residues formed by the elimination of the ketonic oxygen atom, and aldehyde residues obtained by the elimination of the aldehyde oxygen atom, the divalent radical radical, the divalent sulfone radical, and the divalent monosulfide radical -S-, the divalent radical -CH2SCH2 and the divalent disulfide radical -S-S-; said phenolic in which R, R' andR'" represent a member of the ing not over 18 carbon atoms; said final product being a member of the class consisting of non-thermosetting organic solvent-soluble liquids and slow-melting solids; withthe final proviso that the reaction product be a member of the class of solvent-soluble liquids and lowmelting solids; andsaid reaction between (ABA) and (C)"being below the pyrolytic point of the reactants and the resultant s of reaction. V

2."A process for breaking petroleum emulsions of the water-in-oil type, characterized by subjecting the emulsions to the action of a demulsifier including synthetic hydrophile products (ABACABA); said synthetic hydrophile products being obtained by a two-step process, the first step involving an intermediate (ABA) which, in turn, represents the reaction products of (A) an oxyalkylated phenol-aldehyde resin containing a plurality of active hydrogen atoms, and (B) a non-aryl hydrophile polyepoxide characterized by the fact that the precursory polyhydric alcohol, in which an oxygen-linked hydrogen atom is replaced subseqently by the radical in the polyepoxide, is water-soluble; said polyepoxides being free from reactive functional groups other than epoxy-and hydroxyl groups and characterized by the fact that the divalent linkage uniting the terminal oxirane rings is free from any radical having more than 4 uninterrupted carbon atoms in a single chain; said oxyalkylated phenol-aldehyde resins, reactant (A) being the products derived by oxyalkylation of (aa) an alpha-beta alkylene oxide having not more'than 4 carbon atoms and selected from the class consisting of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, glycide and methylglycide, and (bb) an oxyalkylation-susceptible fusible, organic solvent-soluble, water-insoluble phenol-aldehyde resin; said resin being derived by reaction between a difunctional monohydric phenol and an aldehyde having not over 8 carbon atoms and reactive toward said phenol; said resin being formed in the'substantial absence of trifunctional phenols; said phenol being of the'form'ula V r OH 7 7 R2 is a member selected from the class consisting of 'ethylene radicals, propylene radicals, butylene radicals,

hydroxypropylene radicals, and hydroxybutylene radicals, and n" is a numeral varying from 1 to 120; with the proviso that at least 2 moles of alkylene oxide be introduced portion of the diepoxide being obtained from a phenol I of the structure II! RI! I for each phenolic nucleus, and that the resin by weight represent at least 2% of the oxyalkylated derivative; the ratio of reactant (A) to reactant (B) being in the proportion of two moles of (A) to one mole of (B); with the 'further proviso that said reactive compounds (A) and wants of reaction; said second step being the reaction product between 2 moles of the aforementioned intermediate (ABA) and one mole of (C) a member of the class conconsisting of hydrogen and hydrocarbon substituents of sisting of (1) compounds of the following formula the aromatic nucleus, said substituent member having not in which R represents a divalent radical selected from over 18 carbon atoms; n represents an integer selected the class consisting of ketone residues formed by the from the class of zero and l, and n represents a whole elimination of the ketonic oxygen atom and aldehyde number not greater than 3; and (2) cogenerically associresidues obtained by the elimination of the aldehydic ated compounds formed in the preparation of (1) precedoxygen atom, the divalent radical ing, including monoepoxides; said final product being a H H member of the class consisting of non-thermosetting ggorganic solvent-soluble liquids and low-melting solids;

with the final proviso that the reaction product be a member of the class of solvent-soluble liquids and low-melting 0 solids; and said reaction between (ABA) and (C) being l; conducted below the pyrolytic point of the reactants and radical, the sulfone radical, and the divalent monosulfide the remnants of reaction radical -S the divalent radical CH2SCH2, and the divalent disulfide radical SS; and R10 is the divalent radical obtained by the elimination of a hydroxyl hydrothe divalent References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS gen atom and a nuclear hydrogen atom from the phenol 2,454,541 B k t a1, N v, 23, 1948 2,454,545 Bock et al. Nov. 23, 1948 03 2,499,365 De Groote et a1. Mar. 7, 1950 2,507,910 Keiser et al. May 16, 1950 2,558,688 Landa June 26, 1951 2,602,052 De Groote July 1, 1952 in which R, R", and R' represent a member of the class 2,615,853 Kirkpatrick et al Oct. 28, 1952 

1. A PROCESS FOR BREAKING PETROLEUM EMULSIONS OF THE WATER-IN-OIL TYPE, CHARACTERIZED BY SUBJECTING THE EMULSION TO THE ACTION OF A DEMULSIFIER INCLUDING SYNTHETIC HYDROPHILE PRODUCTS (ABACABA); SAID SYNTHETIC HYDROPHILE PRODUCTS BEING OBTAINED BY A TWO-STEP PROCESS, THE FIRST STEP INVOLVING AN INTERMEDIATE (ABA) WHICH, IN TURN, REPRESENTS THE REACTION PRODUCTS OF (A) AN OXYALKYLATED PHENOL-ALDEHYDE RESIN CONTAINING A PLURALITY OF ACTIVE HYDROGEN ATOMS, AND (B) A NON-ARYL HYDROPHILE POLYEPOXIDE CHARACTERIZED BY THE FACT THAT THE PRECURSORY POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOL, IN WHICH AN OXYGEN-LINKED HYDROGEN ATOM IS REPLACED SUBSEQUENTLY BY THE RADICAL 